Opportunistic infections in people with the Human Immunode ficiency Virus Paraguay 2010-2016
Keywords:
Opportunistic infections, HIV, ParaguayAbstract
To determine the seroprevalence of opportunistic infections (Hepatitis A, Hepatitis B, Hepatitis C, Toxoplasmosis and Cytomegalovirus) in people with HIV (Human Immunodeficiency Virus) who were diagnosed and institutionalized in the National HIV / AIDS / STI Control Program during the period 2010 to 2016. Descriptive, retrospective, analytical, cross-sectional epidemiological study. We included 15,086 samples of patients of all ages, with a diagnosis of HIV that were institutionalized in the National HIV / AIDS / STI Control Program (PRONASIDA) between January 2010 and December 2016. Serological studies were carried out to detect infections opportunists (antibodies against Hepatitis A Virus, Hepatitis B Virus and Hepatitis C Virus, IgM antibodies against Toxoplasmosis and IgM antibodies against Cytomegalovirus). The overall prevalence of opportunistic infections is 6.8% (n = 1032). The most frequent opportunistic infection was Hepatitis B with 482 cases, the second most important OI was Cytomegalovirus with 279 cases, then Toxoplasmosis and Hepatitis C with 135 and 134 cases respectively, and finally Hepatitis A with 2 cases. An accurate and early diagnosis of opportunistic infections that affect patients with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection is fundamental in addressing this population, which can have an impact on reducing the morbidity, costs and associated mortality to opportunists.
Metrics
Metrics Loading ...
Downloads
Download data is not yet available.
References
1. ONUSIDA. Hoja informativa. Últimas estadísticas sobre el estado de la epidemia de sida. 2017. Disponible en: http://www.unaids.org/es/resources/fact-sheet
2. World Health Organisation. Hepatitis B. 2017. Disponible en: http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs360/en/
3. Eza D, Cerrillo G, Castro C, Ticona E, Morales D, Herrera P et al. Resultados post mórtem e infecciones oportunistas en pacientes VIH-positivos de un hospital público del Perú. Rev. perú. med. exp. salud publica. 2006;23(4):270-274. Disponible en: http://www.scielo.org.pe/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S1726-46342006000400007&lng=es
4. Nimri LF, Moura IN, Huang L. Et al. Genetic Diversity of Pneumoccystis carinii f. sp hominis based on variations in nucleotide sequences of internal transcribed spacers of rRNA genes. J. Clin Microbiol. 2002;40:1146-51.
5. Czaja AJ. Understanding the pathogenesis of autoimmune hepatitis. American Journal of Gastroenterology.2001;96:1224–1231. doi:10.1111/j.1572-0241.2001.03707.x
6. Ibieta MF, Ramos JT, González MI, Guillén S, Navarro M, Cilleruelod MJ. Prevalence of antibodies against hepatitis A and B in HIV-1-infected children and adolescents. Enfermedades Infecciosas y Microbiología Clínica. 2009;27(8):449-452. doi: 10.1016/j.eimc.2008.12.009
7. Highleyman L. HIV/HBV and HIV/HCV coinfected people with impaired liver function and inflammation have higher risk of non-AIDS death. Proceedings of the 17th Conference on Retroviruses and Opportunistic Infections (CROI ’10), San Fransisco, California, USA; 2010.
8. Ranjbar R, Davari A, Izadi M, Jonaidi N, Alavian SM. HIV/HBV Co-Infections: Epidemiology, Natural History, and Treatment: A Review Article. Iranian Red Crescent Medical Journal. 2011;13(12):855-862.
9. Devi KS, Singh NB, Singh HL, Singh YM. Coinfection by human immunodeficiency virus, hepatitis B virus and hepatitis C virus in injecting drug users. J Indian Med Assoc. 2009;107(3):144, 146-7.
10. Luetkemeyer A. Hepatitis B and HIVcoinfection. Disponible en: http://www.hivinsite.ucsf.edu/InSite page=kb- 05-03-04#S1X
11. Kellerman SE, Hanson DL, McNaghten AD, Fleming PL. Prevalence of chronic hepatitis B and incidence of acute hepatitis B infection in human immunodeficiency virus-infected subjects. J Infect Dis. 2003;188:571–577.
12. Thio CL, Seaberg EC, Skolasky JR, hair J, Visscher B, Munoz A, et al. Multicenter AIDS Cohort Study HIV-1, hepatitis B virus and risk of liver related mortality in the Multicenter Cohort Study (MACS). Lancet 2002;360:1921-1926.
13. Huy BV, Vernavong K, V?n Kính N. HBV and HCV Coinfection among HIV/AIDS Patients in the National Hospital of Tropical Diseases, Vietnam. AIDS Research and Treatment. 2014. doi:10.1155/2014/581021.
14. Bonacini M, Louie S, Bzowej N, Wohl AR. Survival in patients with HIV infection and viral hepatitis B or C: a cohort study. AIDS. 2004;18:2039–2045. doi: 10.1097/00002030-200410210- 00008
15. Puoti M, Torti C, Bruno R, Filice G, Carosi G. Natural history of chronic hepatitis B in co- infected patients. J Hepatol. 2006;44(1 Suppl):S65–S70. doi10.1016/j.jhep.2005.11.015
16. Soriano V, Puoti M, Bukowski M, et al. Care of patients coinfected with HIV and hepatitis C virus: 2007 recommendations from the HCV-HIV International Panel, AIDS, 2007;21:1073-89.
17. Mauss S, Valenti W, DePamphilis J, Duff F, Cupelli L, Passe S, et al. Risk factors for hepatic decompensation in patients with HIV/HCV coinfection and liver cirrhosis during interferon-based therapy. AIDS. 2004;18(13): 18-25.
18. Luft BJ, Remington JS. Toxoplasmic encephalitis in AIDS. Clin Infect Dis 1992;15:211-222.
19. Delgado Varela IC, Piña Loyola CN, García Borges A. Comportamiento de la infección toxoplásmica. Revista Electrónica de las Ciencias Médicas en Cienfuegos. Medisur. 2009;7(1). Disponible en: http://scielo.sld.cu/pdf/ms/v7n1/v7n1a576.pdf
20. Luft BJ, Chua A. Central nervous system toxoplasmosis in HIV pathogenesis, diagnosis, and therapy. Curr Infect Dis Rep. 2000;2:358. doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11908-000-0016-x
21. Robert-Gangneux, F., & Dardé, M.-L. Epidemiology of and Diagnostic Strategies for Toxoplasmosis. Clinical Microbiology Reviews. 2012;25(2):264–296. doi: http://doi.org/10.1128/CMR.05013-11
22. Hoz RE, Stephens G, Sherlock C. Diagnosis and treatment approaches of CMV infections in adult patients. J Clin Virol. 2002;25(2):S1-12.
23. Jacobson MA, Mills J. Serious Cytomegalovirus Disease in the Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS): Clinical Findings, Diagnosis, and Treatment. Ann Intern Med. 1988;108:585-594. doi: 10.7326/0003-4819-108-4-585
24. Steininger C, Puchhammer-Stöckl E, Popow-Kraupp T. Cytomegalovirus disease in the era of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART). Journal of Clinical Virology, 2006;37(1):1- 9.
25. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Guidelines for preventing opportunistic infections among HIV-infected persons, 2002. Recommendations of the U.S. Public Health Service and the Infectious Diseases Society of America. MMWR Recomm Rep. 2002;51(RR-8):1-52.
26. Brooks JT, Kaplan JE, Holmes KK, Benson C, Pau A, Masur H; HIV-Associated Opportunistic Infections—Going, Going, But Not Gone: The Continued Need for Prevention and Treatment Guidelines, Clinical Infectious Diseases, Volume 48, Issue 5, 1 March 2009, Pages 609–611. doi: https://doi.org/10.1086/596756
27. Yazdan Y, Chêne G, Losina E, Goldie SJ, Merchadou LD, Alfandari S, et al. Incidence of primary opportunistic infections in two human immunodeficiency virus-infected French clinical cohorts. Int J Epidemiol. 2001;30:864-71.
28. Franco C, Ferrer H, Sánchez L, Oletta JF. Infecciones oportunistas en individuos VIH (+) hospitalizados. Hospital Vargas de Caracas, 2005-2006. CIMEL. 2008; 13(2).
29. Lizarazo J, Castro F, de Arco M, Chaves O, Peña Y. Infecciones oportunistas del sistema nervioso central en pacientes con VIH atendidos en el Hospital Universitario Erasmo Meoz: Cúcuta, 1995-2005. Infect. 2006;10:226-31.
30. Cortes JA, Hidalgo P, Rey DL, Parra GA, Gutierrez IF. Tuberculosis en pacientes con infección por VIH en el Hospital Universitario de San Ignacio: 2002-2006. Infect. 2007;11:16-22.
31. Maurera ED, Reyes Y, Guerrero JM, Herde JD, Capriles AE, Díaz MS, et al. Epidemiología de la infección por HIV/SIDA en el Servicio de Medicina Interna III del Hospital Vargas de Caracas. Med Interna (Caracas). 2011;27:137-143.
32. Callejas S. Estudio caso-control de los pacientes infectados por el VIH atendidos en urgencias. Rev Soc. Española Medic. De Urgencias y Emergencias. 2010; 22:259-63.
33. Laufer NL, Quarleri JF, Bouzas MB, Pérez HM, Salomón H, Cahn PE. Coinfecciones por HBV y HCV en pacientes HIV positivos en la “era HAART”: nuevos desafíos. Medicina (B. Aires). 2007;67(1):82-91. Disponible en: http://www.scielo.org.ar/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0025- 76802007000100015&lng=es
2. World Health Organisation. Hepatitis B. 2017. Disponible en: http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs360/en/
3. Eza D, Cerrillo G, Castro C, Ticona E, Morales D, Herrera P et al. Resultados post mórtem e infecciones oportunistas en pacientes VIH-positivos de un hospital público del Perú. Rev. perú. med. exp. salud publica. 2006;23(4):270-274. Disponible en: http://www.scielo.org.pe/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S1726-46342006000400007&lng=es
4. Nimri LF, Moura IN, Huang L. Et al. Genetic Diversity of Pneumoccystis carinii f. sp hominis based on variations in nucleotide sequences of internal transcribed spacers of rRNA genes. J. Clin Microbiol. 2002;40:1146-51.
5. Czaja AJ. Understanding the pathogenesis of autoimmune hepatitis. American Journal of Gastroenterology.2001;96:1224–1231. doi:10.1111/j.1572-0241.2001.03707.x
6. Ibieta MF, Ramos JT, González MI, Guillén S, Navarro M, Cilleruelod MJ. Prevalence of antibodies against hepatitis A and B in HIV-1-infected children and adolescents. Enfermedades Infecciosas y Microbiología Clínica. 2009;27(8):449-452. doi: 10.1016/j.eimc.2008.12.009
7. Highleyman L. HIV/HBV and HIV/HCV coinfected people with impaired liver function and inflammation have higher risk of non-AIDS death. Proceedings of the 17th Conference on Retroviruses and Opportunistic Infections (CROI ’10), San Fransisco, California, USA; 2010.
8. Ranjbar R, Davari A, Izadi M, Jonaidi N, Alavian SM. HIV/HBV Co-Infections: Epidemiology, Natural History, and Treatment: A Review Article. Iranian Red Crescent Medical Journal. 2011;13(12):855-862.
9. Devi KS, Singh NB, Singh HL, Singh YM. Coinfection by human immunodeficiency virus, hepatitis B virus and hepatitis C virus in injecting drug users. J Indian Med Assoc. 2009;107(3):144, 146-7.
10. Luetkemeyer A. Hepatitis B and HIVcoinfection. Disponible en: http://www.hivinsite.ucsf.edu/InSite page=kb- 05-03-04#S1X
11. Kellerman SE, Hanson DL, McNaghten AD, Fleming PL. Prevalence of chronic hepatitis B and incidence of acute hepatitis B infection in human immunodeficiency virus-infected subjects. J Infect Dis. 2003;188:571–577.
12. Thio CL, Seaberg EC, Skolasky JR, hair J, Visscher B, Munoz A, et al. Multicenter AIDS Cohort Study HIV-1, hepatitis B virus and risk of liver related mortality in the Multicenter Cohort Study (MACS). Lancet 2002;360:1921-1926.
13. Huy BV, Vernavong K, V?n Kính N. HBV and HCV Coinfection among HIV/AIDS Patients in the National Hospital of Tropical Diseases, Vietnam. AIDS Research and Treatment. 2014. doi:10.1155/2014/581021.
14. Bonacini M, Louie S, Bzowej N, Wohl AR. Survival in patients with HIV infection and viral hepatitis B or C: a cohort study. AIDS. 2004;18:2039–2045. doi: 10.1097/00002030-200410210- 00008
15. Puoti M, Torti C, Bruno R, Filice G, Carosi G. Natural history of chronic hepatitis B in co- infected patients. J Hepatol. 2006;44(1 Suppl):S65–S70. doi10.1016/j.jhep.2005.11.015
16. Soriano V, Puoti M, Bukowski M, et al. Care of patients coinfected with HIV and hepatitis C virus: 2007 recommendations from the HCV-HIV International Panel, AIDS, 2007;21:1073-89.
17. Mauss S, Valenti W, DePamphilis J, Duff F, Cupelli L, Passe S, et al. Risk factors for hepatic decompensation in patients with HIV/HCV coinfection and liver cirrhosis during interferon-based therapy. AIDS. 2004;18(13): 18-25.
18. Luft BJ, Remington JS. Toxoplasmic encephalitis in AIDS. Clin Infect Dis 1992;15:211-222.
19. Delgado Varela IC, Piña Loyola CN, García Borges A. Comportamiento de la infección toxoplásmica. Revista Electrónica de las Ciencias Médicas en Cienfuegos. Medisur. 2009;7(1). Disponible en: http://scielo.sld.cu/pdf/ms/v7n1/v7n1a576.pdf
20. Luft BJ, Chua A. Central nervous system toxoplasmosis in HIV pathogenesis, diagnosis, and therapy. Curr Infect Dis Rep. 2000;2:358. doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11908-000-0016-x
21. Robert-Gangneux, F., & Dardé, M.-L. Epidemiology of and Diagnostic Strategies for Toxoplasmosis. Clinical Microbiology Reviews. 2012;25(2):264–296. doi: http://doi.org/10.1128/CMR.05013-11
22. Hoz RE, Stephens G, Sherlock C. Diagnosis and treatment approaches of CMV infections in adult patients. J Clin Virol. 2002;25(2):S1-12.
23. Jacobson MA, Mills J. Serious Cytomegalovirus Disease in the Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS): Clinical Findings, Diagnosis, and Treatment. Ann Intern Med. 1988;108:585-594. doi: 10.7326/0003-4819-108-4-585
24. Steininger C, Puchhammer-Stöckl E, Popow-Kraupp T. Cytomegalovirus disease in the era of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART). Journal of Clinical Virology, 2006;37(1):1- 9.
25. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Guidelines for preventing opportunistic infections among HIV-infected persons, 2002. Recommendations of the U.S. Public Health Service and the Infectious Diseases Society of America. MMWR Recomm Rep. 2002;51(RR-8):1-52.
26. Brooks JT, Kaplan JE, Holmes KK, Benson C, Pau A, Masur H; HIV-Associated Opportunistic Infections—Going, Going, But Not Gone: The Continued Need for Prevention and Treatment Guidelines, Clinical Infectious Diseases, Volume 48, Issue 5, 1 March 2009, Pages 609–611. doi: https://doi.org/10.1086/596756
27. Yazdan Y, Chêne G, Losina E, Goldie SJ, Merchadou LD, Alfandari S, et al. Incidence of primary opportunistic infections in two human immunodeficiency virus-infected French clinical cohorts. Int J Epidemiol. 2001;30:864-71.
28. Franco C, Ferrer H, Sánchez L, Oletta JF. Infecciones oportunistas en individuos VIH (+) hospitalizados. Hospital Vargas de Caracas, 2005-2006. CIMEL. 2008; 13(2).
29. Lizarazo J, Castro F, de Arco M, Chaves O, Peña Y. Infecciones oportunistas del sistema nervioso central en pacientes con VIH atendidos en el Hospital Universitario Erasmo Meoz: Cúcuta, 1995-2005. Infect. 2006;10:226-31.
30. Cortes JA, Hidalgo P, Rey DL, Parra GA, Gutierrez IF. Tuberculosis en pacientes con infección por VIH en el Hospital Universitario de San Ignacio: 2002-2006. Infect. 2007;11:16-22.
31. Maurera ED, Reyes Y, Guerrero JM, Herde JD, Capriles AE, Díaz MS, et al. Epidemiología de la infección por HIV/SIDA en el Servicio de Medicina Interna III del Hospital Vargas de Caracas. Med Interna (Caracas). 2011;27:137-143.
32. Callejas S. Estudio caso-control de los pacientes infectados por el VIH atendidos en urgencias. Rev Soc. Española Medic. De Urgencias y Emergencias. 2010; 22:259-63.
33. Laufer NL, Quarleri JF, Bouzas MB, Pérez HM, Salomón H, Cahn PE. Coinfecciones por HBV y HCV en pacientes HIV positivos en la “era HAART”: nuevos desafíos. Medicina (B. Aires). 2007;67(1):82-91. Disponible en: http://www.scielo.org.ar/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0025- 76802007000100015&lng=es
Downloads
Published
2018-05-23
Issue
Section
Original Article
License
El/los autores autorizan a la Revista de la Sociedad Científica del Paraguay a publicar y difundir el articulo del cual son autores, por los medios que considere apropiado.
How to Cite
1.
Opportunistic infections in people with the Human Immunode ficiency Virus Paraguay 2010-2016. Rev. Soc. cient. Py. [Internet]. 2018 May 23 [cited 2025 Oct. 7];22(2):183-96. Available from: http://sociedadcientifica.org.py/ojs/index.php/rscpy/article/view/5
