Ophidism in Paraguay: geographic distribution, physiopathological alterations, and the need for preparing a n
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.32480/rscp.2019-24-2.249-261Keywords:
Bothrops, Micrurus, ophidism, Paraguay, serpientesAbstract
Envenomation by poisonous snakes is frequent in Paraguay, particularly in the departments bordering with Brazil, and can be severe if the species involved belongs to the families Viperidae or Elapidae. It mostly affects 20-40 year old men involved in agricultural activities. Eastern Paraguay, together with southeast Brazil, has been identified as one of the highest snakebite incidence areas in the Neotropics. This review presents available epidemiological data and revises the physiopathology of the envenomation, particularly in the case of viperid venoms, as well as the current distribution of species in genera Bothrops and Micrurus in Paraguay. It posits the need to prepare a national reference venom based on Paraguay´s biodiversity to pave the way for testing the neutralization capacity of foreign antivenoms or for the preparation of a national snake antivenom.
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References
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14. Ministerio de Salud Pública y Bienestar Social. Manual de Procedimientos sobre Accidentes Ofídicos. Asunción, Paraguay: MSPyBS, 2008.
15. Vicenti C, Taboada A, Aguilar G, Lezcano V, Alarcón R, Benítez G, Kunzle C. Dosis de suero antiofídico (SAO) necesaria para controlar los efectos tóxicos del veneno y la frecuencia de complicaciones. Asunción: Instituto de Medicina Tropical, 2007.
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2. Gutiérrez JM, Fan HW, Silvera CL, Angulo Y. Stability, distribution and use of antivenoms for snakebite envenomation in Latin America: report of a workshop. Toxicon. 2009;53:625-630.
3. Alonso A, Vera R, Silva EO, Portillo C, Miret J, Canese J, Ramos P. Accidentes ofídicos notificados al Programa Nacional de Control de Zoonosis y Centro Antirrábico Nacional, Paraguay (2015). Rev. Salud Pública Parag. 2018;8(2):40-44.
4. Chippaux JP. Incidence and mortality due to snakebite in the Americas, PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2017;11:e0005662.
5. Dirección General de Vigilancia de la Salud. Guía Nacional de Vigilancia y Control de Enfermedades. Asunción: Ministerio de Salud Pública y Bienestar Social, 2015.
6. Hansson E, Sasa M, Mattisson K, Robles A, Gutiérrez JM. Using Geographical Information Systems to Identify Populations in Need of Improved Accessibility to Antivenom Treatment for Snakebite Envenoming in Costa Rica. PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases. 2013;7:e2009.
7. Cacciali P, Scott NJ, Aquino Ortiz AL, Fitzgerald LA, Smith P. The Reptiles of Paraguay: Literature, Distribution, and an Annotated Taxonomic Checklist. Special Publication of The Museum of Southwestern Biology. 2016;11:1-373.
8. Yañez-Arenas C, Townsend Peterson A, Rodríguez-Medina K, Barve N. Mapping current and future potential snakebite risk in the new world. Climatic Change. 2016;134:697-711.
9. Nori J, Carrasco PA, Leynaud GC. Venomous snakes and climate change: ophidism as a dynamic problem. Climatic Change. 2013;122:67-80.
10. Moreno C. Epidemiología clínica y laboratorial por mordeduras de serpientes en pacientes hospitalizados. Rev. Inst. Med. Trop. (Asunción). 2011;6:23-27.
11. Gutiérrez JM, Calvete JJ, Habib AG, Harrison RA, Williams DJ, Warrell DA. Snakebite envenoming. Nat Rev Dis Primers. 2017;3:17063.
12. Rossetto O, Montecucco C. Presynaptic neurotoxins with enzymatic activities. Handb. Exp. Pharmacol. 2008;184:129-170.
13. Williams DJ, Habib AG, Warrell DA. Clinical studies of the effectiveness and safety of antivenoms. Toxicon. 2018;150:1-10.
14. Ministerio de Salud Pública y Bienestar Social. Manual de Procedimientos sobre Accidentes Ofídicos. Asunción, Paraguay: MSPyBS, 2008.
15. Vicenti C, Taboada A, Aguilar G, Lezcano V, Alarcón R, Benítez G, Kunzle C. Dosis de suero antiofídico (SAO) necesaria para controlar los efectos tóxicos del veneno y la frecuencia de complicaciones. Asunción: Instituto de Medicina Tropical, 2007.
16. WHO. Blood Products and Related Biologicals. Geneva: WHO, 2010.
17. Roodt AR de, Estévez J, Dolab JA, Manzanelli MV, PiñeiroN, Paniagua JF, Vogt AU. Biological and immunological characteristics of the poison of Bothrops cotiara (Serpentes: Viperidae). Rev Biol Trop. 2006;54:889-901.
18. Cardoso KC, Da Silva MJ, Costa GG, Torres TT, Del Bem LE, Vidal RO, Menossi M, Hyslop S. A transcriptomic analysis of gene expression in the venom gland of the snake Bothrops alternatus (urutu). BMC Genomics. 2010;11:605.
19. Sandoval MP, Puorto G, Theakston RD, Warrell DA. Snake bites by the jararacuçu (Bothrops jararacussu): clinicopathological studies of 29 proven cases in São Paulo State, Brazil. QJM. 1997;90:323-334.
20. Borges A, Rojas de Arias a. El Accidente por Escorpiones Tóxicos en el Paraguay: Mito y Realidad en el contexto de la Emergencia por Escorpionismo en el Sudeste de la América del Sur. Revista de la Sociedad Científica del Paraguay. 2019;24:27-35.
21. Vera Sanabria MB, Ríos-González CM. Características clínicas y epidemiológicas de los accidentes ofídicos de un Hospital Regional de Paraguay, 2010 a 2016. Rev. Inst. Med. Trop. (Asunción). 2018;13:(2018) 21-30.
22. Boada C, Salazar D, Freire A, Kuch U. The diet of Bothrops asper (Garman, 1884) in the Pacific lowlands of Ecuador. Herpetozoa. 2005;18:77-79.
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2019-12-30
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1.
Ophidism in Paraguay: geographic distribution, physiopathological alterations, and the need for preparing a n. Rev. Soc. cient. Py. [Internet]. 2019 Dec. 30 [cited 2025 Oct. 27];24(2):249-61. Available from: https://sociedadcientifica.org.py/ojs/index.php/rscpy/article/view/96
